Quoted under «imtu '(ownership) mark, etc.' (see below). This meaning is reliable in at least one context: "a priest, who has «." (followed by other terms denoting physical defects)
Hebrew: PB «³m 'mark, mole, wart' [Ja 1536] Judaic Aramaic: «³m 'mark, mole, wart' [Ja 1536].«- instead of the expected *s- probably by contamination with s³m, sm 'mark, spot' [ibid. 966]
Arabic: «m-at- 'grain de beaute“; signe; tout signe noir qu'on voit sur la terre' [BK 1 1300] Notes: An entangled case likely complicated by contamination of two roots, close phonetically and semantically. In the anatomic term, a hypothetic *s^1 is tentatively postulated as a first radical based on HBR PB «- and ARB «-. The other, non-anatomic term is *«im-t- {} *sim-t- 'mark, sign': AKK «imtu '(ownership) mark, marking, paint, glue, varnish' OAkk (?), OB on [CAD «3 9], [AHw 1238] (while in [CAD «3 11] «imtu is understood as a derivative of a triconsonantal verb «amtu 'to mark' [ibid. «1 307], an inverse development is more plausible, namely, «im-t-u with -t- suffix perceived as part of the root and evolved into a triradical denominal verb «amtu); JUD s³m, sm 'mark, spot' [Ja 966] (with s- instead of the expected *«-), SYR «³mt 'vulnus; ulcus; cicatrix, vibex; particula hostiae; pilus' [Brock 764], «wm 'maculavit' [ibid.]; ARB sm 'marque, signe; traits du visage, physionomie' [BK 1 1170]; SAB s1m-t 'line, mark, sign' [SD 163] (placed under ws1m; cf. mws1m). Note also a cultural term 'brand, ownership mark' undoubtedly derived from the latter root, but to be recognized as PSEM: AKK «imtu '(ownership) mark; branding iron' OAkk (?), OB on [CAD «3 9], [AHw 1238]; ARB s³mat- 'empreinte dont on marque les pie°ces de be“tail' [BK 1 1170], simat- 'marque empreinte sur la peau avec un fer chaud' [ibid.], wasm- do. [ibid. 2 1538]; SAB ws1m 'brand on an animal' [Biella 133]. This root is to reconstructed as *«im-(a)t- {} *sim-(a)t-, with a variant stem *wasm- in ARB and SAB (a borrowing from one of these languages to the other is not to be excluded).Cf. [Maizel 170-1]; [Brock 764]: SYR, JUD, HBR PB, ARB (s³mat-, sawm-, «mat-)
<*s·^Vl- <*s·^Vl-, with a metathesis current in AKK in similar cases
Ugaritic: s·l 'Rippenstµck' [Aist 261] Hebrew: s·l 'rib, side, plank' [KB 1030] Aramaic: O l-y (pl.constr.) 'rib' [HJ 863] Biblical Aramaic: iln (pl.) 'Rippe' [KB 1760] Judaic Aramaic: a¢la (il) [Ja 1085]; l, det. l [Sok 60] 'side, rib' Syrian Aramaic: el 'costa' [Brock 22]. instead of (< *s^·) is a result of dissimilation of two
Modern Aramaic: MAL ala 'Rippe' [Berg 3] NASS i·a 'rib' [Tser 017] ZKH la 'side' [R Zakho 104] GZR a“la 'side' [Nak 67] Arabic: d·il-, d·ila- 'co^te' [BK 2 35] Mehri: z“la 'rib' [JM 476] Jibbali: z“_al do. [JJ 325] Harsusi: z“la do. [LH 152] Soqotri: d·alh· 'co^te' [LS 361] (-h· < *-); QADHUB z“„l do. [SSL LS 1480].Cf. SOQ s·e“h·loh 'os', which Leslau compares with reservations
Notes: In MSA *s^·ala-.Cf. a very likely meaning shift in ESA: SAB d·lt 'malady affecting the chest' [SD 41], MIN d·ln 'malades' (coll.) [LM 30].
Note GEZ s·lle, s·lla 'tablet (of metal, stone), beam' [LGz 554], TNA s·llt 'slab of wood or stone on which is engraved a religious precept' [ibid.] ('lastra di pietra' in [Bass 948]) unconvincingly compared to this root (namely to HBR s·l 'rib, plank') in [LGz 554]; at the same time, Leslau rightly compares these ETH words to ARB (H·D·R) s·ill, (YEM) s·alla 'slab', SAB s·lt 'paving, plastering'.
[Fron 42] (*d·al- 'costola' /SOQ,ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK/); [Holma 49]: AKK, HBR, ARB, ARM; [KB 1030]: HBR, ARM, UGR, AKK, ARB; [Brock 22]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB, AKK; [LS 361]: SOQ, MSA, ARB, ARM, HBR, AKK
In Qr (Ktb s·pw)
Arabic: d·af- 'fiente de l'e“le“phant', d·f 'peter et faire caca' [BK 2 32].Cf. d·fk· 'faire caca' (a variant root with k·/ ?)
Geez (Ethiopian): d·f, daf 'filth, excrement' [LGz 148] Tigre: ·f, s·f 'cow dung' [LH 631] Tigrai (Tigrin~n~a): s·fi 'cow dung' [LH 631] (not in [Bass]) Mehri: z“”f 'almost liquid cow dung' [JM 473] Jibbali: z“„“fu 'partly formed faeces or dung' [JJ 323] Harsusi: z“”fa 'cow-dung' [JH 121] Notes: ARB points to - (cf. a variant root with -k·), while MHR and JIB, to .[KB 1048]: HBR, ARB, GEZ; [LGz 148]: GEZ, ETH, HBR, ARB, MHR (quoted as d·”fa)
Cf. metathetic rd· 'teter sa me°re' [ibid. 1 873] compared in [Maizel 175]. Cf. d·arr-at- 'base de la mamelle; mamelle' [BK 2 15]
Geez (Ethiopian): (?) s·art, s·arit 'loins, thigh, cut of meat from the ventral region, groin' [LGz 563]; cf. s·re 'large intestine' [ibid.].Semantically difficult
Tigre: (?) s·r 'udder' [LH 637].According to [LGz 563], from ARB
Notes: A difficult case. *s^· in PSEM relies on ARB only while SYR and GEZ, where reflexes of *s^· and *s· differ, point to *s·-. An alternative reconstruction would be *s·ar- {} *c·ar-, with ARB d·ar- to be treated as a variant root. It is, however, not as simple as that. The problem of *s^· > s· in ARM (SYR in particular) was extensively treated in [Steiner 149-154]; according to Steiner, most of such irregular cases occur in the vicinity of m or r. Another explanation of *s^·> s· instead of may be a tendency to avoid two in the root; cf. an opposite way of avoiding it in *s·^il(a)- 'rib, side (of chest)', No. . As for GEZ, s· instead of d· and alongside with may be due to orthographic pecularities; note, however, a difference in meaning which may imply a different origin including borrowing from CUSH (cf. BILIN t·ari, OROMO dira, SAHO d·ir” 'loins' [LGz 563]).The TGR example is regarded by Leslau an Arabism, with no arguments presented.
See also ARB d·arr-at- below; may this form point to a primary SEM *s^·Vrr- (cf. AKK s·erretu), with a secondary - attached to this root, however, as early as in PSEM?
[Fron 47] (*d·ir-(at-) 'mammella' /ARB,SYR,AKK/); [Holma 47]: AKK, ARB, SYR; [Brock 638]: SYR, AKK, ARB
-a- <*i influenced by ?
Modern Aramaic: MAL er«a '(Eck-)Zahn' [Berg 6] MLH ar«e (pl.) 'Zhne' [J Mlah 167] Arabic: d·irs- 'dent, surtout dent molaire' [BK 2 21] Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB d·rs1 [SD 42] (broken pl.) Geez (Ethiopian): d·rs [LGz 153] Jibbali: mz_^r“« [JJ 327] Soqotri: ma“z^rh [ibid].-h <*«; cf. other forms and comments on -h in [SSL LS 1480]
Notes: See AKK s·ir«u 'protuberance' SB [CAD s· 209], [AHw 1093]; related by [CAD] to the verb s·urru«u 'to grow shoots, branches' [CAD s· 260]. Both may be compared to 'tooth' with reservations.Cf. ETH *t·irs- (a variant root?): GEZ t·rs 'molar tooth' [LGz 597] (alongside with d·rs do.), t·arsa 'to be set on edge, become dull (teeth)' [ibid.] (alongside with d·arsa do.); TNA t·rsi 'tooth' [LGz 153] (not in [Bass]); AMH t·rs 'tusk, tooth' [K 2115], t·rrs 'to have chipped or broken teeth'; HAR t·irsi 'molar tooth' [LHar 156].
Note a derived pattern in MSA. Cf. also an unusual phonetic development in MHR mz^rh· 'tooth' [JM 478], HRS mz^reh· 'molar tooth' [JH 152]; though, according to [JM 478], "the correspondence of h· with « is rel. rare", this root can hardly be unrelated to SEM *s·^ir«-.
[Brock 551]: SYR, ARB, GEZ; [LGz 153]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, ESA, MHR
Cf. tl 'muscle of the thigh' [ibid.] (semantically difficult to compare). Note also thul 'breast, cow's udder' [ibid. 572] (kind of a variant root?)
Mehri: tl”t 'nipple' [JM 401] Notes: Scarcely but reliably attested; vocalism difficult to reconstruct.Cf. a likely related ARB tl 'avoir un long cou, une encolure longue', mutli- 'femme belle, femme grande et qui a un beau cou' [BK 1 204]; a meaning shift 'breast' > 'neck'?
Note ARB tal- 'hauteur, e“le“vation, monticule' [ibid.]; one wonders whether it may be a shift of meaning under the influence of ARB tall- 'colline, monticule' [ibid. 203] (from SEM *tall-/*till- 'hill, elevation', to which GEZ tall 'breast' [LGz 574] is also compared by some authors--see discussion [ibid.]).
[Holma 46]: AKK, GEZ, ARB (tal-); [LGz 574]: GEZ, AKK (ARB tal- and SEM *ta/ill- 'hill' are also compared)
Originally a biconsonantal base (probably preserved in ETH) with various strategies of triconsonantization in individual languages; a variant stem *wat·Vb-, attested in ARB, MHR and possibly other MSA, may have a common SEM status unless the MSA examples in *wa- are Arabisms. HRS and JIB forms may reflect either *wat·Vb or *a-t·Vb, the SOQ one is from *a-t·Vb; *a- may be a prefix and/or triconsonantizer.
Note a derived verb in N. ETH: GEZ t·abawa 'to suck milk, the breast' [LGz 587], TGR t·ba 'to suck' [LH 616], TNA t·bw 'poppare attacarsi alla mamella della madre' [Bass 912].
[LGz 587]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, SOQ, MHR; [LS 57]: SOQ, MHR, ARB (wat·b-, t·iby-), GEZ, AMH
Meaning: spleen
Akkadian: t·ulmu, tulmu OB, SB [AHw 1394]
Hebrew: PB t·h·”l [Ja 528]
Judaic Aramaic: t·h·”l, t·ah·a¢l [Ja 528]. t·h·”l may be a Hebraism
Syrian Aramaic: t·h·l [Brock 272] Modern Aramaic: MMND t·ahla 'spleen' [M MND 521] Mandaic Aramaic: t·ahala, t·ahaila, t·ihaila, t·ahila [DM 173] Arabic: t·ih·l- [BK 2 61] Amharic: ARG t·ah·a [LHar 152] Harari: t·h·a [ibid.].On the loss of -l in HAR see [ibid. 5]
East Ethiopic: SEL t·r, WOL t·al [LGur 616] Gurage: MUH MSQ GOG SOD t·ala, CHA t·ar, ENN END EZ¹A t·ara, GYE t·ra [ibid.] Mehri: t·lh·a“ym [JM 410] Jibbali: t·lh·i“m [JJ 277].Cf. t·„lh· 'blood and discharge with an afterbirth, diarrhoea' [ibid.]
Harsusi: t·elh·a“ym [JH 130] (given with a question mark) Soqotri: QALAN-V t·a“lh·n, ELHA t·a“lh·em [SSL LS 1477] Notes: The *t·u/alh·m- variant is metathetic, attested in AKK and MSA only, with the *-Vm.Note a presumably derived (if not contaminated) verb in ARB t·h·l 'e“tre trouble, sale, couleur de la rate; e“tre ga^te“ et sentir mauvais, et e“tre remplit de fange qui sent mauvais (se dit d'une eau croupissante)' [BK 2 61] and what looks a strikingly similar semantic development (from *t·u/alh·m- 'spleen') in ARB t·ulh·³m- 'aqua corrupta et foetens' [Fraytag III 63] (cf. also a variant root t·alh_- 'eau fangeuse, rempli de vermine et qui n'est pas potable' [BK 2 95]) and TGR t·lh·am 'disease of cattle (poisoning caused by grass or by water on the place of a fire or a forest)' [LH 607]. This parallelism, however, is problematic not only because *t·u/alh·m- 'spleen' is retained neither in ARB nor in TGR, but also because the very meaning shift 'spleen' > 'putrid water' is not easy to explain.
[Brock 272]: SYR, JUD, HBR PB, ARB; [AHw 1394]: HBR PB, JUD, ARB; [LGur 616]: GUR, ARB
With obscure variants d_d and zd [Aist 321, 97], see in *zz- {} *½½- (No. ). On this root see also [Gordon 501], [Del Olmo 640]
Hebrew: «d (du. «dayim) 'Brust' [KB deutsch 1316], «”d 'Mutterbrust' [ibid. 1317] Judaic Aramaic: tadd [Ja 1647]; td (pl. tdyn, tddyn) [Sok 575] 'breast' Syrian Aramaic: td 'mamma' [Brock 816] Arabic: t_ady-, t_idy- 'mamelle, te“ton (de femme)' [BK 2 220].-i- in t_idy- due to -y; also t_ud- marked as "rare" in [BDB 994, apud Lane 333]
Mehri: t_o“di 'breast, bosom' [JM 415] Jibbali: t_„“d 'bosom, breast, nipple and breast' [JJ 283] Harsusi: t_”di 'breast' [JH 132] Soqotri: to“di et al. 'sein' [LS 439] (see also [SSL LS 1477; SSL 4 98]) Notes: Biconsonantal root with various means of triconsonantization: doubling of the second radical in ARM JUD, appending of -y as a third radical in ARB and most MSA and of - in JIB.[KB deutsch 1316]: HBR, ARM, UGR; [Brock 816]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB; [LS 439]: SOQ, MSA, HBR, JUD
Meaning: neck and shoulders
Ugaritic: t_km 'Nacken mit Schulter' [Aist 334]. Cf. t_kmn 'Bezeichnung des deifizierten Himmelsberges' [ibid.] (cf. HBR below)
Hebrew: «km 'oberer Teil des Rµckens, Schulter, Nacken, Rµcken, Bergrµcken' [KB deutsch 1384] Tigre: (?) «km 'beard' [LH 222], «km 'menton' [ibid., apud Munzinger].a meaning shift 'neck' > 'chin' > 'beard' is feasible (cf. also «kmt 'halter' [ibid.])
Notes: Scarcely attested as an anatomic term (only UGR, HBR and probably TGR, with a meaning shift).Note a derived verb to be recognized as common SEM: UGR t_km 'auf den Schultern tragen' [Aist 334] and ETH: GEZ sakama 'to carry on shoulders' [LGz 496], TGR «km 'fardeau' (very likely a deverbal noun) [LH 222, apud d'Abbadie], TNA tskkm 'portare, mettrsi sulle spalle' [Bass 365], AMH tskkm 'to carry, to bear' [K 560].
Cf. ARB t_uknat- 'collier en perles; collier en laine teinte qu'on suspend comme ornament au cou du chameau'; presumably related with assimilation of *m > n after the velar. As for the semantic shift, see SEM *un(a)k·- 'neck' and 'necklace', No. .
Note SAB t_kmt interpreted as 'subjects' and 'first year of eponymous office' in [Biella 544] and compared to this root; the argumentation is not quite convincing.
[KB deutsch 1384]: HBR, UGR
Though in both dictionaries it is translated as 'thigh' and 'Schenkel', the contexts available rather point to the meaning 'perineum', e.g. "if a woman suffers in her «." («. is explained in a gloss as a "prolapse of the uterus"). Cf. «ub/purru 'buttocks, rectum, anus' in *s^VbVr- 'buttocks, hind parts', No.
Arabic: t_afr-, t_ufr-, 'vagin, canal du vagin' [BK 1 226]Cf. t_fr II 'mettre une croupie°re, une courroie qui pass sous la queue d'une be^te de somme et maintient la selle', X 'passer les bouts de la chemise ou de la robe entre les cuisse et les attirer sur le bas-ventre' [ibid. 226-7]
Mehri: QISHN mtf“r 'derrie°re (bottom)' [SS L 2 243].Given under t_fr (in QISHN *t_ > t [ibid. 196]). Meaning shift 'perineum' > 'anus' > 'bottom'?
Notes: Based on a very hypothetic comparison with rather diverse meanings.Note HBR PB «pr, ARM JUD «pr() 'membraneous bag, sac of a foetus; in gen. foetus' [Ja 1616], which may be a semantic development from 'vagina'.
One wonders whether GEZ sfr 'stomach ache, colic' [LGz 489] may be compared semantically. Note also TGR a«fr 'to manure, to dung (animals); to have an inflammation of the spleen' [LH 231] and MSA: MHR t_frt 'camel-dung, dung in pellet form' [JM 416], HRS t_efere“t 'camel-dung' [JH 132], JIB t_fi“re“t 'camel-dung, dung in pellet form' [JJ 283], SOQ tfe°rh 'dung' [JJ 283]. May all these examples be related with a semantic development 'perineum' > 'inflamed perineum' > 'special kind of defecation caused by a disease affecting the perineum area'? Or, alternatively, 'perineum, prolapse' > 'anus' > 'defecation'? Otherwise, a separate SEM root *t_Vp(V)r- 'dung; to dung' is to be reconstructed based on MSA and TGR (and GEZ?)
AKK s- is irregular and could in principle point to a borrowing from W. SEM.
Tentatively compared to MOD ETH *sar(a)b- 'calf of leg' implying a meaning shift 'fat' > 'fatty part of leg'. According to Leslau, all EAST and GUR forms are from E. CUSH (OROMO sarb, SAHO AFAR sarba, KAMB sarbe“-ta, ALABA sarabi) [LGur 559]; if our comparison is correct, the direction of borrowing is reverse.
Note TNA srbada 'muscolo dei fianchi vicino alla coscia' [Bass 177], with enigmatic d.
[Brock 833]: SYR, ARM, ARB
Meaning: nail
Akkadian: s·upru OB on [CAD s· 250], [AHw 1113]
Amorite: s·upru [CAAA 34]
Hebrew: s·ipp”rn [KB 1051]. Gemination of the second radical may be due to the association with s·ipp”r 'bird'. On suffixed -n see Introduction
Biblical Aramaic: t·ipr-”“h (pl. suff.) [KB deutsch 1716] Judaic Aramaic: t·upr, t·par 'nail, claw' [Ja 525]; t·pr, pl. t·wpryn [Sok 230]; t·uprn 'nails' [Ja 526], with the -n- suffix Syrian Aramaic: t·epr [Brock 286] Modern Aramaic: MAL t·efra '(Finger-)Nagel' [Berg 98] HRT t·epra '(Finger-, Fuss-) Nagel [J Hert 201] NASS t·„rp„ 'nail' [Tser 094] (metathesis), t·upurta 'claw, nail' [ibid.] (p assimilated to t·) ZKH t·upra '(toe)nail' [R Zakho 110] MMND t·ofra 'claw, paw' [M MND 497, 514] Mandaic Aramaic: t·upra 'claw, nail' [DM 178] Arabic: d_·ifr-, d_·ufr-, d_·ufur- [BK 2 135] Geez (Ethiopian): s·fr 'fingernail, claw' [LGz 549] Tigre: s·fr 'finger, toenail' [LH 650] Tigrai (Tigrin~n~a): s·fri 'unghia, artiglio' [Bass 975] Amharic: t·fr 'claw, hoof, nail' [K 2195] Gafat: s·fr 'ongle, griffe' [LGaf 234] Harari: t·ifir 'claw, fingernail' [LHar 152] East Ethiopic: SEL tifr, WOL ZWY t·fr [LGur 514] Gurage: CHA EZ¹A GYE MUH MSQ GOG SOD (GOG also t·fr with -a-), ENN END ~fr ( <*s· ??) [ibid.] Mehri: d_·fr 'nail of a finger or toe, claw' [JM 83] Jibbali: d_·i“f“r [JJ 48] Harsusi: d_·efr [JH 29] Soqotri: t·i“fer (t·i“fher) [LS 207] (see also [SSL LS 1477; SSL 4 98]) Notes: Also *t_·up(V)r- {} *·up(V)r- where -u- of the first syllable can possibly be explained as an independent development in individual languages under the influence of -p-.MSA *d_·ifr-.
[Fron 49] (*z·upr- 'unghia, artiglio' /GEZ,ARB,JUD,HBR,AKK/); [Holma 127]: AKK, ARB, SYR, ARM, GEZ, HBR; [KB 1051]: HBR, AKK, ARM, ARB, GEZ, TGR; [Brock 286]: SYR, JUD, HBR, AKK, ARB, GEZ; [LGz 549]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, JIB, HBR, ARM; [LS 207]: SOQ, MSA, ARB, HBR, ARM, GEZ, AKK
Note that z is irregular
Ugaritic: z·u 'Ausdµnstung' [Aist 271], 'exhalacio“n, secrecio“n' [Del Olmo 556] (see discussion [ibid.]) Hebrew: s·” 'excrement, disgusting spew' [KB 992]; s·() 'filth' [ibid.]; *s· 'dung, excrement' [ibid.].Note that comparison with SEM *ws·^ 'to go out' (discussed in [KB 992]) is rather a popular etymology
Arabic: d_·ayy-at- 'cadavre en de“composition' [BK 2 147] (cf. d_·iyy-at- do. [Belot 468]) Geez (Ethiopian): s·iat 'rot, filth, decay, stench, excrement' [LGz 567] Gafat: ·i·ta 'excrement' [LGaf 192] (redupl.) Notes: Possibly contaminated with *s·y {} *c·y 'to be filthy, dirty' (note that the AKK, HBR and ETH forms quoted below under *t_·ayV-(at-) may alternatively belong to *s·y): ARM JUD s·()t 'filth, turpitude' [Ja 1257], SYR s·y 'impurus evasit' [Brock 619], MND S·AA 'to be filthy, foul, pollute, defile' [DM 385]; ARB s·at- 'lavage, ablution imparfaite, telle que toutes les salete“s restent sur la te^te' [BK 1 1388], s·ayyaa 'laver tre°s-imparfaitement, ne faire que mouiller (la te^te), de manie°re qu'elle n'est pas bien nettoye“e' [ibid.], also ws· 'e^tre sali d'ordures' [ibid. 2 1546]; SAB s·yw (in: ys1ts·yn) 'to stink of, be contaminated with' [SD 147].Cf. what are likely derived verbs in ESA: SAB (?) z·yw 'to putrefy' [Biella 224] (alternatively 'to be held captive' [ibid.]; the meaning proposed by [SD 173] is 'clean, ritually pure') and ETH (unless <*s·y): GEZ s·a (d·a) 'to rot, putrefy, have a bad smell, stink', etc. [LGz 567], TGR s·ya 'to spoil, to stink' [LH 647], TNA ·e 'ammuffirsi cereale perche° mietuto ancora fresco' [Bass 939] (cf. s·e 'imputrirsi' [ibid. 978]), GUR: CHA MUH MSQ SOD y, GYE ·yÆ, EZ¹A ·yy, GOG ·iy, END ·iy 'to smell bad, to stink' [LGur 192].
Cf. a MSA root likely related with a semantic shift 'stench, bad odor' > 'odor, smell': MHR d_·y 'smell, scent' [JM 85], HRS d_·ay 'smell, perfume' [JH 30], JIB d_·e“ 'smell, odour' [JJ 50], SOQ t·ay 'odeur' [LS 197]. Note what may be a derived form in MSA with suffixed -n preserving the original meaning: MHR d_·”nt 'bad-smelling, malodorous sweat' [JM 85], HRS d_·enwt 'bad-smelling sweat' [JH 30]; compare, however, TNA ·na 'odore puzzo' [Bass 936], ·nw 'odorare, puzzare' [ibid. 939] (to make a separate SEM root?).
[Fron 40] (*s·i-at- 'escrementi' /GEZ s·iat, ARB s·ayia 'e° sporco', was·ia 'e° sporco', SYR s”t” 'sporcizia', HBR s·, AKK zu^/); [Holma 9]: AKK, HBR; [KB 992]: HBR, UGR, ARM, AKK, ARB (ws· 'to be dirty'), GEZ (s·a, d·a); [LGz 567]: GEZ, ETH, UGR, AKK, HBR, ARM, JIB, ESA, ARB (s·y 'to be soiled')
Note a meaning shift
Notes: The initial w- in HBR PB and SYR instead of the expected y- is strange and makes one think of an ARB loan, though a relatively early attestation of both forms rather speaks against this assumption.The TGR examples also look very much Arabisms, but are hardly so in view of difference in meaning.
[Holma 43]: AKK, ARB, HBR PB, SYR; [Brock 186]: SYR, HBR PB, ARB, AKK
Palatalization of *k > in AMH and GUR is usually explained by the dual suffix *- (<*-ay) lost in AMH and probably becoming - in GUR (cf. [LGur LIX, footnote 37]).
Cf. SOQ rokt 'plant du pied, talon' [SS L LS 1469], [SS L 2 231], rk„t, r„kt 'camels hoof' [JM 323] (cf. also [SS L 2 245]); probably related with a loss of *w- and a meaning shift.
[Fron 46] (*warik- 'fianco' /ARB,JUD,HBR,AKK/); [Holma 64]: AKK, HBR, ARB; [KB 439]: HBR, ARM, UGR, ARB, TGR, AKK; [LGur 662]: GUR, ETH, HBR
<*wis·l; *i > u assimilated to w? Cf. examples compared by Maizel with HBR as·s·l as variant roots ([Maizel 158; 156]): asal-at- 'avant-bras' [Belot 9] (but 'pe“nis, verge' in [BK 1 33]) with s·/s, and it·l- 'co^te“, flanc' [ibid. 38] with s·/t·
Notes: As a nominal anatomic term, C. SEM only.Traditionally regarded (for exam ple, in [KB 82]) as deverbal of SEM */ws·l: HBR s·l (nif.) 'to be linked with' [ibid.], ARB ws·l 'joindre' [BK 2 1548].
Cf. a variant stem *as·il- {} *ac·il- attested in HBR and ARM JUD (probably influenced by the HBR form).
Note doubling of a second radical in HBR and SYR which may be due to reinterpretation as the adjective pattern parrs-.
Cf. a very likely meaning shift from 'joint (n.)' > 'shoulder' > 'to shoulder' > 'to help' (to a similar semantic development cf. [Maizel 218-19]) in MSA: MHR ws·l 'to help' [JM 431], JIB e“s·l, is·ilo“t 'to manage to shoulder a burden' [JJ 293], SOQ “s·al 'to help' [JJ 293].
[DRS 30], [KB 81]: HBR, PHO, ARM, ARB; [Brock 306]: SYR, MND, HBR, PHO
Meaning: tendon
Hebrew: ytr 'tendon' [KB 452]
Judaic Aramaic: yitr 'the straight side of the stomach (opposite to curved side)' [Ja 605]. Note a very specific meaning shift
Syrian Aramaic: yatr 'nervus, chorda; funis' [Brock 313] Mandaic Aramaic: iatra 'tendon; bowstring', iatira 'bowstring' [DM 188] Arabic: watar- 'tendon; corde' [BK 2 1480]; cf. also watar-at- 'nerf des lombes; frein de la langue, etc.' [ibid.] Geez (Ethiopian): watr 'sinew, cord' [LGz 622] Amharic: wtr 'Achilles' tendon' [K 1537] Harari: w„tr 'nerve, vein, gut, sinew' [LHar 162] Gurage: wtr 'nerve, sinew, gut, tendon' [LGur 670] (dialects not specified) Notes: Cf. a related stem *witr- with a non-anatomic meaning 'cord, strap' in AKK id/t/t·ru 'a strap or band' EA, SB [CAD i 10], [AHw 364], ARM JUD yitr 'strong cord; the cord of the bow' [Ja 605], MND iatra, iatira 'bowstring' [DM 188], and the same meaning accompanying the anatomic term in ARB and ETH; note also a derived verb 'to stretch (a bow)' in ARB and ETH and another cultural meaning of the noun in ETH: GEZ watr 'string (of musical instrument' [LGz 622], TGR wtr 'tune of the harp' [LH 439], TNA wtr 'chant accompanied by the harp' [LGz 622].Deserve mention MOD ETH variant roots with -t·- (cf. -t·- in AKK it·ru (above): (1) TNA wt·r ksad 'muscolo della parte posteriore del collo' [Bass 664], (2) TNA wt·t·r 'stendere, stirare una pelle' [ibid.], AMH wt·t·r 'to stretch (a string, a hide)' [K 1594], ARG wet·t·ra 'to stretch by pulling' [LGz 622].
[KB 452]: HBR, ARM, ARB, GEZ, TGR; [Brock 313]: SYR, ARM, ARB, HBR, GEZ; [LGz 622]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, ARM, HBR (incl. ARM, ARB and ETH verbal and nominal forms related to 'bow')
Though the shift *ya- > i is common in AKK, idu may as well reflect *idu
Ugaritic: yd [Aist 127] Phoenician: yd [T 123] Hebrew: yd [KB 386] Aramaic: SML DAL OLD O NBT PLM yd [HJ 435] Biblical Aramaic: *yad (the attested forms are det. yd, du. ydayin, etc.) [KB deutsch 1717] Judaic Aramaic: yd 'hand, forefoot, handle' [Ja 564]; also d, ayd_ (only TargYer) [ibid. 45]; yad, d, det. yd [Sok 234] Syrian Aramaic: d [Brock 295].Note that in the forms with prepositions y- appears, e.g. men yad 'per, propter', al yad 'juxta' [ibid.]
Modern Aramaic: MAL d_a 'Hand, (seltener) Arm' [Berg 19] TUR d_o 'hand' [R T·³r”yo 115] MLH izo 'Hand' [J Mlah 179] HRT ida 'Hand; Seite' [J Hert 182] NASS d 'hand' [Tser 095] URM iyd 'hand' [R Urmi 99] ZKH z2a 'hand' [R Zakho 105] MMND d, emph. da 'hand' [M MND 505] GZR i“za 'hand, handle' [Nak 69] AZR ida 'hand' [Garb 310] IRAN *eyd 'la mano' [Pen 75] Mandaic Aramaic: da [DM 341] Arabic: yad- [BK 2 1624] Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB yd [SD 164], QAT yd [Ricks 81], MIN yd [LM 108] Geez (Ethiopian): d [LGz 7].Note st. pron. de where -e (<*-ay) may represent an old dual ending
Tigre: de [LH 383] Tigrai (Tigrin~n~a): id [Bass 562] Amharic: ¾¾ [K 1313] Harari: i¾i [LHar 22] East Ethiopic: SEL n¾e, WOL n¾, ZWY n¬¾i [LGur 28-29] Gurage: CHA EZ¹A END ENN GYE MUH MSQ GOG SOD ¾ 'hand, arm, handle' [ibid.] Mehri: h·ayd 'hand, arm' [JM 460] (with the h·- article) Jibbali: e“d 'arm (from fingertip to shoulder), hand' [JJ 313] Harsusi: h·ayd [JH 146] 'hand, arm, forepaw' (with the h·- article) Soqotri: ed [LS 52].Cf. QALAN-B hd, HADIBO d and other dialectal variants in [SSL LS 1450]
Notes: Note a variant stem *id- in ARM, ETH, MSA and probably AKK; one wonders whether it implies two original stems or one to be reconstructed as *ayad- or *yaid-.The noun often forms part of compound prepositions, occasionally with the loss of y-: UGR b-d 'en manos de, destinado a, para' [DLU 104]; AMARNA ba-di-u“ 'in his hand' [HJ 433], HBR immd- 'with me' [KB 842]; ARB inda 'aupre°s de' [BK 2 382], lad 'chez, aupre°s de' [ibid. 984]).
ETH *ide- <*iday- may reflect a dual form; cf. SOUTH ETH wr <*warke <*warkay, see *warik-(at-), No. (in some of GUR *-i- > after *- ?). [Fron 48] (*yad- 'braccio (con la mano)' /GEZ,ESA,ARB,HBR,SYR,UGR,AKK/); [Holma 110]: HBR, SYR, ARB, GEZ; [KB 386]: HBR, ARM, ARB, UGR, GEZ, ESA, AKK; [LGz 7]: GEZ, ETH, HBR, ARB, ARM, ESA, SOQ, AKK, PHO
<*zubb-n; according to Jastrow, from znb, which is unlikely
Arabic: zubb- 'verge, pe“nis (de l'homme ou d'un autre ma^le); bout de la barbe; nez' [BK 1 968].Cf. zanb³r 'membrum virile' [ibid. 1015] (dissimilation <*zabb³r-, with the -r suffix?) for which see ARM JUD zm”r 'membrum virile, phallus' [Ja 402] (a variant root with b/m?)
Modern Arabic: NYEM zibbin, zibb, zubb 'Penis' [Behnstedt 484], zubbah 'Vulva' [ibid.].Cf. also NYEM zabn 'groin' [ibid. 488] and DAT_ zabn 'la partie au-dessus du nombril, abdomen' [GD 1821], witha meaning shift
Notes: Scarce attestation in HBR and ARB; not quite reliable
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